小青龙汤古今应用与方证探析

小青龙汤出自《伤寒杂病论》,是疗效确切、使用广泛的经典方剂,一直以来被归为辛温解表剂范畴。本文通过梳理历代的医籍论述,结合古代医案、现代研究、临床应用情况,探讨小青龙汤证的因机证治与方药特点。认为"饮"邪往往是小青龙汤证的病机关键,且治"饮"是小青龙汤组方用药的核心意图所在。若囿于"外寒内饮"之说,恐不能充分发挥其应有的疗效。     

Which behaviours are first to emerge during recovery of consciousness after severe brain injury?

BackgroundEarly detection of consciousness after severe brain injury is critical for establishing an accurate prognosis and planning appropriate treatment.ObjectivesTo determine which behavioural signs of consciousness emerge first and to estimate the time course to recovery of consciousness in patients with severe acquired brain injury.MethodsRetrospective observational study using the Coma Recovery Scale-Revised and days to recovery of consciousness in 79 patients (51 males; 34 with traumatic brain injury; median [IQR] age 48 [26–61] years; median time since injury 26 [20–36] days) who transitioned from coma or unresponsive wakefulness syndrome (UWS)/vegetative state (VS) to the minimally conscious state (MCS) or emerged from MCS during inpatient rehabilitation.ResultsVisual pursuit was the most common initial sign of MCS (41% of patients; 95% CI [30–52]), followed by reproducible command-following (25% [16–35]) and automatic movements (24% [15–33]). Ten other behaviours emerged first in less than 16% of cases. Median [IQR] time to recovery of consciousness was 44 [33–59] days. Etiology did not significantly affect time to recovered consciousness.ConclusionRecovery of consciousness after severe brain injury is most often signalled by reemergence of visual pursuit, reproducible command-following and automatic movements. Clinicians should use assessment measures that are sensitive to these behaviours because early detection of consciousness is critical for accurate prognostication and treatment planning.     

限制液体复苏在创伤失血性休克患者急救中的应用效果

目的观察限制液体复苏在创伤失血性休克患者急救中的应用效果。方法选取福建医科大学附属南平市第一医院收治的76例创伤失血性休克患者作为研究对象,依据入院前后顺序将其分为对照组(n=38)和观察组(n=38),对照组接受积极液体复苏方案,观察组接受限制液体复苏方案,比较两组治愈率、治疗后各指标水平、液体输入量及并发症发生情况。结果观察组治愈率明显高于对照组,液体输入量明显低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);治疗后观察组乳酸、凝血酶原时间、平均动脉压及血红蛋白水平均明显优于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);观察组并发症发生率为15.8%,明显低于对照组的36.8%,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论限制液体复苏应用在创伤失血性休克患者急救中,可提高患者的治愈率,改善乳酸、凝血酶原时间等指标水平,降低并发症发生率的效果优于积极液体复苏应用效果。     

基于机器学习的脑胶质瘤多模态影像分析

脑部胶质瘤是临床中常见的一种原发性脑肿瘤，具有复发率高、死亡率高以及治愈率低的特点。常规临床诊断主要依靠计算机断层扫描(CT)和磁共振成像(MRI)检查技术进行鉴别。随着成像技术和机器学习方法的不断发展，多模态影像智能分析技术已经逐步成为研究热点，在脑胶质瘤的病灶分割测量、肿瘤分级、预后生存周期预测和基因型辨别等方面具有重要的应用前景。本文重点介绍基于机器学习和多模态影像在脑胶质瘤临床辅助诊断和预后评估中的应用进展。     

mRNA levels of drug-metabolizing enzymes in 11 brain regions of cynomolgus macaques

The cynomolgus macaque is an important nonhuman primate species in drug metabolism studies, in part because of its evolutionary closeness to humans. Cytochromes P450 (P450s) have been investigated in the major drug-metabolizing organs, i.e., the liver and small intestine, but have not been fully investigated in the brain. However, recent investigations have indicated possible important roles for P450s in the brain. In this study, by using the quantitative polymerase chain reaction, we measured the mRNA levels of 38 cynomolgus drug-metabolizing enzymes, including 19 P450s, 10 UDP-glycosyltransferases, and 9 other enzymes, in 11 brain regions. Among these drug-metabolizing enzymes, expression of 32 enzyme mRNAs were detected in one or more brain regions, indicating their possible roles in the brain. Further investigation of metabolic activities would facilitate better understanding of the importance of these enzymes in the brain.     

Crystalloids,colloids, blood products and blood substitutes

Understanding the physiology of fluid distribution in the human body is fundamental to good clinical practice in anaesthesia and intensive care. Intravenous fluid therapies have a range of clinical and metabolic consequences, and they should be context and patient specific. Inadequate or excessive fluid treatment is harmful to patients. There are numerous trials, both historical and current, investigating best practice in fluid therapy. New paradigms and guidelines are being published, and it is important for clinicians to keep up to date with current practice. There is also a continued drive to improve the safety of donor blood products and prevent transfusion errors. Knowledge of how blood products are collected, separated, stored and administered is essential to prevent harm to patients through transfusions. The development of blood substitutes is progressing, and multinational trials are ongoing.     

Concussion incidence and time-loss in Australian football: A systematic review

ObjectivesAustralian football is associated with a risk of concussion. However, despite the extensive and varied nature of literature devoted to this issue, concussion incidence has not been systematically evaluated. To address this, we aimed to conduct a meta-analysis of concussion incidence in Australian football.DesignSystematic review. Prospero registration number: CRD42017064290.MethodsA systematic search of 14 databases using the terms ‘concussion’, and ‘Australian football’ (and variations) was used to obtain records that reported concussion incidence per 1000 players hours across age, sex, and level-of-play. Data were grouped based on how time-loss was applied to the concussion definition.ResultsForty-two studies met inclusion criteria. Incidence rates based on a possible time-loss definition per 1000 player hours, ranged from 2.24 to 17.63 at the elite level, and 0.35 to 14.77 at the community/amateur level. Return-to-play details were reported by six studies and only two studies measured head-impacts in real-time. Several limitations were identified with this literature. First, insufficient return-to-play details precluded a meta-analysis of incidence rates. Second, no longitudinal studies across levels-of-play were found. Third, concussion incidence data for junior and female players were notably scarce.ConclusionsThere was limited scope to determine concussion burden (i.e., incidence and severity) and only preliminary data for player exposure to head-impacts. To address these limitations, injury surveillance should capture sufficient information to permit comparisons within and across levels-of-play. This will also help determine the influence of interventions aimed at reducing the frequency and severity of concussive-injuries.     

16排及8排移动CT多中心临床应用对比分析

目的多中心临床应用对比分析8排及16排移动CT的成像质量及性能特点、检查耗时、人工成本及辐射剂量值等。 方法解放军总医院第七医学中心神经外科自2010年8月至2020年7月应用8排移动CT行头部扫描90 059例次，解放军总医院第七医学中心神经外科联合多家医院自2017年3月至2020年7月应用16排移动CT行头部扫描10 969例次，分别采集患者头部扫描成像、检查时间、人工成本（人员累计耗时），以及辐射剂量值：CT剂量指数（CTDIvol）、剂量长度乘积（DLP）、有效剂量（ED）。另外随机选择同期60例次64排大型CT检测值作为对比。 结果（1）成像分析：8排移动CT头部扫描90 059例次，其中急诊室82 843例次（91.99%）、ICU 7090例次（7.87%）、手术室126例次（0.14%）。16排移动CT头部扫描10 959例次，其中急诊室8601例次（78.41%）、ICU 879例次（8.01%）、手术室31例次（0.28%）、车/船/机载头部扫描1458例次（13.29%）。2组成像质量基本相同，与8排移动CT组相比较，16排移动CT安装有精密导轨控制扫描和减振器，扫描速度快，运动伪影少，具有平扫+增强、脑血管造影（CTA）和脑灌注成像（CTP）等多种成像功能。（2）扫描时间与辐射剂量：16排、8排移动CT及64排大型CT的扫描时间、人工成本、辐射剂量（CTDIvol、DLP、ED）比较，差异均有统计学意义（P<0.05）。 结论16排移动CT成像质量优良，扫描速度快耗时少、人工成本低、辐射剂量低，具有平扫、增强及CTA、CTP多种成像功能。